Baby’s vaccine responses linked to birth delivery method

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Babies born naturally were found to have higher antibody levels, compared with those born via Caesarian section after receiving their jabs that protect against bacteria that cause lung infections and meningitis.

Experts say the findings could help to inform conversations about C-sections between expectant mothers and their doctors, and shape the design of more tailored vaccination programmes. 

Early microbiome development

Researchers studied the relationship between gut microbes and antibody levels after vaccination in a cohort of 120 babies, who were vaccinated at 8 and 12 weeks against lung infections and meningitis.

The researchers tracked the development of the gut microbiome - the community of microbes that lives in our body - in the child’s first year of life and their immune response to the vaccines by testing saliva samples at 12 and 18 months.

Research was carried out by a team from the University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Spaarne Hospital and University Medical Centre in Utrecht and the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in The Netherlands.

In the 101 babies tested for antibodies as a result of the vaccine that protects against lung infections, the investigators found double the antibody levels in babies delivered naturally compared with those delivered by C-section.

Breastfeeding was linked with 3.5 times higher antibody levels compared with formula-fed children who had been delivered naturally.

Levels of antibodies as a result of the vaccine that protects against meningitis were tested in 66 babies. Experts found the levels of antibodies were 1.7 times higher for naturally delivered babies, regardless of breastfeeding, compared with those delivered via C-section.

We expected to find a link between the gut microbiome and the babies’ vaccine responses, however we never thought to find the strongest effects in the first weeks of life.

Dr Emma de Koff

Gut bacteria

The gut microbiome is seeded at birth, developing rapidly over the first few months of life, and is influenced mostly by delivery mode, breastfeeding, and antibiotic use.

The team found a clear relationship between microbes in the gut of those babies and levels of antibodies.

For example, among a host of bacteria in the gut, high levels of two in particular – Bifidobacterium and E. Coli – were associated with a high antibody response to the vaccine that protects against lung infections.

High levels of E. Coli were also linked with a high antibody response to the vaccine that protects against meningitis.

The baby acquires the Bifidobacterium and E.coli bacteria through natural birth and human milk is needed to provide the sugars for these bacteria to thrive on.

Early life immune system

The team concludes that the babies’ microbiome in early life contributes the immune system’s response to the vaccines and sets the level of protection against certain infections in childhood.

Vaccination schedules could also be adjusted based on mode of delivery or an analysis of the baby’s microbiome in the future, experts say. 

I think it is especially interesting that we identified several beneficial microbes to be the link between mode of delivery and vaccine responses. In the future, we may be able to supplement those bacteria to children born by C-section shortly after birth through, for example, mother-to-baby ‘fecal transplants’ or the use of specifically designed probiotics.

Professor Debby Bogaert

The research has been published in Nature Communications. It was funded by Scotland’s Chief Scientist Office and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research.

Find out more

Professor Debby Bogaert

Journal article published in Nature Communications

University Medical Centre Utrecht

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in The Netherlands

Chief Scientist's Office